Harvard Medical School researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have discovered how amyloid-beta—the neurotoxin believed to be at the root of Alzheimer’s disease—forms in axons and related structures that connect neurons in the brain, where it causes the most damage.
Their findings, published in Cell Reports, could serve as a guidepost for developing new therapies to prevent the onset of this devastating neurological disease.
Among his many contributions to research on Alzheimer’s, Rudolph Tanzi, the HMS Joseph P. and Rose F. Kennedy Professor of Child Neurology and vice-chair of neurology at Mass General, led a team in 1986 that discovered the first Alzheimer’s disease gene, known as APP, which provides instructions for making amyloid protein precursor (APP).
When this protein is cut, or cleaved, by enzymes—first, beta-secretase, followed by gamma-secretase—the byproduct is amyloid-beta, sometimes shortened to Abeta.
Large deposits of amyloid-beta are believed to cause neurological destruction that results in Alzheimer’s.
Amyloid-beta formed in the brain’s axons and nerve endings cause the worst damage in Alzheimer’s by impairing communication between nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain.
Researchers around the world have worked intensely to find ways to block the formation of amyloid-beta by preventing cleavage by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. However, these approaches have been hampered by safety issues.
Despite years of research, a major mystery has remained.
“We knew that Abeta is made in the axons of the brain’s nerve cells, but we didn’t know how,” said Tanzi, who also directs the Genetics and Aging Research Unit and co-directs the McCance Center for Brain Health at Mass General.
He and his colleagues probed the question by studying the brains of mice and using a research tool known as Alzheimer’s in a dish, a three-dimensional cell culture model of the disease created in 2014 by Tanzi and a colleague, Doo Yeon Kim, HMS associate professor of neurology at Mass General.
Earlier, in 2013, several other Mass General researchers, including Dora Kovacs, HMS associate professor of neurology, and Raja Bhattacharyya, HMS instructor in neurology and a member of Tanzi’s lab, showed that a form of APP that has undergone a process called palmitoylation (palAPP) gives rise to amyloid-beta.
That study indicated that, within the neuron, palAPP is transported in a fatty vesicle, or sac, known as a lipid raft. But there are many forms of lipid rafts.
“So the question was, ‘Which lipid rafts?’ And which ones are most relevant to the neuronal processes making up the neural networks of the brain?” said Tanzi.
New investigation
The new investigation revealed that palAPP is stabilized and prepared for cleavage by beta-secretase in special lipid rafts within the neuron known as mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs).
“We showed for the first time not only that the MAM is where palAPP is processed by beta-secretase to make Abeta, but that this happens exclusively in axons and neuronal processes where Abeta does most of its damage,” said Bhattacharyya, lead author of the Cell Reports paper.
This role for MAMs was previously unknown, though earlier research indicated that MAMs are increased in number and activity in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Next, the Mass General team wanted to learn what happens when MAM levels and activity were intentionally altered.
They showed for the first time that preventing assembly of MAMs, either with gene therapy or a drug that blocked a key protein called the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), dramatically decreased beta-secretase cleavage of palAPP in axons and lowered Abeta production.
Conversely, a drug that activated S1R triggered an increase in beta-secretase cleavage of palAPP and increased production of amyloid-beta in axons.
“Our results suggest that the sigma-1 receptor might be a viable therapeutic target for reducing Abeta production, specifically in axons,” said Tanzi.
The study also lends support for a strategy already under investigation by Tanzi and his team, which is developing an experimental treatment that inhibits the palmitoylation of APP, the process that produces palAPP.
It’s also known that another class of drugs that Kovacs is studying for preventing the formation of amyloid-beta, called ACAT inhibitors, works directly in MAMs.
In the future, these and other interventions that thwart the production of this most dangerous pool of axonal amyloid-beta could be used in concert with early detection, through blood or imaging tests, to stop or slow the progression of Alzheimer’s.
Source: HMS